Setup

Setup part 1 - getting the sequelize-cli tool (you only have to do this once)

We need install a generator so we can use sequelize. Much like our other terminal apps, we will only install this once.

npm install -g sequelize-cli

Setup part 2 - starting a new node project

Let's build our first app using Sequelize! First we need to create a node app and include our dependencies. All in terminal:

Create a new folder and add an index.js and .gitignore and initialize the repository

mkdir userapp
cd userapp
npm init -y
touch index.js
echo "node_modules" >> .gitignore

Add/save dependencies (sequelize needs pg for Postgres)

npm install express ejs pg sequelize

Initialize a sequelize project

sequelize init

For your historical reference...

WARNING (2017) Edited (2018): At one point, sequelize-cli, sequelize, and pg modules were not playing nicely with each other. Luckily, this issue (for version Sequelize 4) has been resolved and we can resume using the current versions of both. In the future, be mindful that many modules you use are maintained by individual third parties and issues like this may come up!

If you used to use Sequelize 3, keep in mind that Sequelize 4 has breaking changes! If you need to upgrade your app, refer to these docs, which guide you in the update process.

Setup part 3 - config.json, models and migrations:

In the text editor we should now see a bunch of new folders. We now have config, migrations and models. This was created for us when we ran sequelize init.

Let's start in the config folder and open up the config.json file. This file contains information about the database we are using as well as how to connect.

We have three settings, one for development (what we will use now), test (for testing our code), and production (when we deploy our app on AWS/Heroku).

Let's change the config.json so it looks like this.

config/config.json

{
  "development": {
    "database": "userapp_development",
    "host": "127.0.0.1",
    "dialect": "postgres"
  },
  "test": {
    "database": "userapp_test",
    "host": "127.0.0.1",
    "dialect": "postgres"
  },
  "production": {
    "use_env_variable": "DATABASE_URL",
    "dialect": "postgres",
    "dialectOptions": {
        "ssl": {
          "require": true,
          "rejectUnauthorized": false
        }
      }
  }
}

The only thing we are actually changing for database setup, is the database name. If you have a username and password for your Postgres server, you'd include those as well.

When we deploy to Heroku, they will provide us a long url that contains password and login that will be secure when deployed. More on this later.

Once this is complete, let's move to the models folder.

Create a database inside of Postgres

sequelize db:create userapp_development

Creating a model and a matching migration

In order to create a model, we start with sequelize model:create and then specify the name of the model using the --name flag. Make sure your models are always singular (table name in plural, model name in singular). After passing in the --name flag followed by the name of your model, you can then add an --attributes flag and pass in data about your model. Generating the model also generates a corresponding migration. You only need to do this once for your model.

sequelize model:create --name user --attributes firstName:string,lastName:string,age:integer,email:string

If you want to make changes to your model after generating it - all you have to do is make a change and save it before running the migrate command.

Make sure you do not have any spaces between each of the attributes and their data types. Convention matters!

This will generate the following migration

migrations/*-create-user.js

'use strict';
module.exports = {
  up: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
    await queryInterface.createTable('users', {
      id: {
        allowNull: false,
        autoIncrement: true,
        primaryKey: true,
        type: Sequelize.INTEGER
      },
      firstName: {
        type: Sequelize.STRING
      },
      lastName: {
        type: Sequelize.STRING
      },
      age: {
        type: Sequelize.INTEGER
      },
      email: {
        type: Sequelize.STRING
      },
      createdAt: {
        allowNull: false,
        type: Sequelize.DATE
      },
      updatedAt: {
        allowNull: false,
        type: Sequelize.DATE
      }
    });
  },
  down: async (queryInterface, Sequelize) => {
    await queryInterface.dropTable('users');
  }
};

And a corresponding model:

models/user.js

'use strict';
const {
  Model
} = require('sequelize');
module.exports = (sequelize, DataTypes) => {
  class user extends Model {
    /**
     * Helper method for defining associations.
     * This method is not a part of Sequelize lifecycle.
     * The `models/index` file will call this method automatically.
     */
    static associate(models) {
      // define association here
    }
  };
  user.init({
    firstName: DataTypes.STRING,
    lastName: DataTypes.STRING,
    age: DataTypes.INTEGER,
    email: DataTypes.STRING
  }, {
    sequelize,
    modelName: 'user',
  });
  return user;
};

What is this "associate" thing in my model?

In this function, we specify any relations/associations (one to one, one to many or many to many) between our models (hasMany or belongsTo). We'll discuss this more, but always remember, the association goes in the model and the foreign keys go in the migration.

Running the migration

To run the migration, use the following command.

sequelize db:migrate

If you need to undo the last migration, this command will undo the last migration that was applied to the database.

sequelize db:migrate:undo

Use the psql shell to verify that your database and table was created:

psql
\l
\c userapp_development
\dt